Tuesday, October 9, 2012

Γιώργος Σεφέρης «Τελευταίος Σταθμός»
























Λίγες οι νύχτες με φεγγάρι που μ’ αρέσαν.
Τ’ αλφαβητάρι των άστρων που συλλαβίζεις
όπως το φέρει ο κόπος της τελειωμένης μέρας
και βγάζεις άλλα νοήματα κι άλλες ελπίδες,
πιο καθαρά μπορείς να το διαβάσεις.
Τώρα που κάθομαι άνεργος και λογαριάζω
λίγα φεγγάρια απόμειναν στη μνήμη∙
νησιά, χρώμα θλιμμένης Παναγίας, αργά στη χάση
ή φεγγαρόφωτα σε πολιτείες του βοριά ρίχνοντας κάποτε
σε ταραγμένους δρόμους ποταμούς και μέλη ανθρώπων
βαριά μια νάρκη.
Κι όμως χτες βράδυ εδώ, σε τούτη τη στερνή μας σκάλα
όπου προσμένουμε την ώρα της επιστροφής μας να χαράξει
σαν ένα χρέος παλιό, μονέδα που έμεινε για χρόνια
στην κάσα ενός φιλάργυρου, και τέλος
ήρθε η στιγμή της πληρωμής κι ακούγονται
νομίσματα να πέφτουν πάνω στο τραπέζι∙
σε τούτο το τυρρηνικό χωριό, πίσω από τη θάλασσα του
Σαλέρνο
πίσω από τα λιμάνια του γυρισμού, στην άκρη
μιας φθινοπωρινής μπόρας το φεγγάρι
ξεπέρασε τα σύννεφα, και γίναν
τα σπίτια στην αντίπερα πλαγιά από σμάλτο.

Σιωπές αγαπημένες της σελήνης.


Friday, July 20, 2012

Συνέντευξη της Ομάδας 33 || Εφημερίδα Αυγή


Η Συνέντευξη της Ομάδας 33  στο Εντός Φύλου της Εφημεριδας Αυγή
Omada 33's interview for the Newspaper Avgi 



Η ομάδα 33 (Φαίδρα Χατζηκωσταντή, Μαρία Δερεμπέ, Δέσποινα Μαλλή και Ευρώπη Θωμοπούλου) μίλησε στην Αλίκη Κοσυφολόγου από το Εντός Φύλου της εφημερίδας Αυγή για όλα εκείνα που μας απασχολούν σήμερα και οδήγησαν στην παράσταση Εξοδος Κινδύνου. 

Ολοκληρη η συνέντευξη της Ομάδας 33,  στα παρακάτω links:

Thursday, July 19, 2012

ΣΥΝΕΝΤEΥΞΗ ΤΗΣ ΟΜΑΔΑΣ 33 ΣΤΟ ΕΠΙ ΣΚΗΝΗΣ

Διαβάστε τη συνέντευξη της Ομάδας 33 στη Μαρία Κυριάκη και την ιστοσελίδα Επι Σκηνής



Μια ομάδα φίλων με πολλαπλές καλλιτεχνικές ιδιότητες, που αποφάσισαν να αρθρώσουν την δική τους φωνή μιλώντας «από Σκηνής» για την δύσκολη και σκοτεινή εποχή μας, η οποία όμως αφυπνίζει τις δυναμικές κι ενδυναμώνει τις αντιστάσεις. Μιλάμε μαζί τους για την ομάδα τους, την παράσταση και τις προσδοκίες τους.




Συστήστε μας με την ομάδα σας. Ποιοι είστε;

Saturday, July 14, 2012

Ομάδα 33 Εξοδος Κινδύνου - Παλαιο Ελαιουργείο - Αισχύλεια 2012

Η Εξοδος Κινδύνου παρουσιάστηκε από την Ομάδα 33 στο πλαίσιο του Δεκαπενθήμερου Σύγχρονης Θεατρικής Δημιουργίας του Φεστιβάλ των Αισχυλείων το Σάββατο 14 Ιουλίου 2012. 



Το σκηνικό στο Παλαιό Ελαιουργείο 

Θάρρος ή Αλήθεια;


















Photo Credits: Βαγγέλης Λάτος

Saturday, May 5, 2012

Laura Kieler

Nora's crime resembles closely the forgery efforts of a Norwegian woman named Laura Kieler. Already a married man, Ibsen met Kieler in 1871 and called her his "skylark," a pet name that Torvald uses to refer to his wife in the play. Ibsen and Kieler were acquainted for years before she became involved in events that resembled those depicted in A Doll's House.

Laura Kieler had been advised that time spent in a warmer climate would save her husband's life. They could not afford a trip south, but Kieler hesitated to broach the subject, since her husband became hysterical at the mention of money. Secretly, with the help of a friend, she secured a loan to finance a trip to Italy. When the loan fell due two years later, however, neither she nor the friend could pay it. 

Ibsen, unaware at the time of the full circumstances, declined to help her publish an inferior manuscript, which she had hoped would raise money to pay the loan. The day she received his refusal, Kieler forged a check. The crime was soon discovered. She told her husband everything, but he spurned her as a criminal and an unfit mother. Their marriage (and her health) subsequently foundered. He did what he could to take the children away from her, and she suffered a nervous breakdown. Her husband had Kieler committed to a public asylum, but she was released a month later. She pleaded with him to take her back for the sake of the children, and he accepted her proposal unwillingly


http://www.answers.com/topic/a-doll-s-house-the-play-in-focus

Norway - Divorce

The Reformation, or separation of the Protestant and Catholic churches begun by Martin Luther in 1517, spread to Norway later in the century. As Protestantism grew in popularity, it spurred the legalization of divorce, which had been more tightly controlled under the Catholic Church. Bigamy, adultery, desertion, and impotence became accepted as valid reasons for a couple to separate. This state of affairs changed in 1909, when the country adopted a new divorce law. More relaxed than the earlier law, it permitted divorce in the case of mutual consent and after a period of separation of at least one year. But while divorce became easier to obtain, it was still frowned upon. The proceedings cost little enough; a poor Norwegian could obtain a divorce almost free of charge. But they were publicized as little as possible; newspapers were forbidden to report divorce cases.

In Ibsen's play the Helmers, who are the drama's central characters, live under the older divorce law. Even if the action had been set after 1909, however, no mutual consent to the dissolution of the marriage existed, since Nora moves out of the house against her husband's wishes.

Source: 
http://www.answers.com/topic/a-doll-s-house-events-in-history-at-the-time-of-the-play

Norway The women's movement

Ibsen consistently asserted that A Doll's House examined issues facing humanity rather than women in particular. Even so, the women's movement embraced him as one of the leading champions of its causes after the publication of the play. Many critics have observed that, regardless of Ibsen's claims, no playwright could have created such an assertive, likable heroine without feeling some sympathy for the challenges facing women at the time.

Camilla Collett became Norway's most celebrated feminist. Her groundbreaking novel, The District Governor's Daughters (1854-55), protested the notion that marriage was the all-encompassing goal of a woman's existence. Collett referred to the novel as "the long-suppressed cry from my heart," and it echoed the sentiments of many other women throughout Norway as well (Collett, p. 13). In Collett's view, women had to be educated in order to regard themselves in a new way. She felt sure that once they had more education and greater economic freedom, political privileges would soon follow. At the time, a woman's economic status was tied to her husband, who, for example, had to formally approve any loans for the household. If a woman tried to earn her own money, as Nora and Kristine do in Ibsen's play, her employment opportunities were usually limited to low-paying jobs such as needlepoint, teaching, and menial clerical positions.

The second half of the nineteenth century did witness many changes for women in Norway. In 1854 women received the same inheritance rights as men, and in 1863 the government declared that unmarried women over age twenty-five were legally competent. Educational opportunities expanded in 1882 when women gained the right to take the exams necessary for admittance to the university, although they had to wait until 1884 for the right to earn a university degree. The Women's Rights League was founded in the same year, following the controversy that would result from the performance of A Doll's House in 1879. A decade after the play, in 1889, Norway modified the marriage vows, in which a wife professed subservience to her husband, that had been in place since 1688. Finally, more than twenty years after Ibsen's play appeared, women won limited rights to vote in municipal elections (1901); it would take another dozen years for them to win universal suffrage.



Source: 
http://www.answers.com/topic/a-doll-s-house-events-in-history-at-the-time-of-the-play

A Doll's House - The tarantella

The scene in A Doll's House where Nora dances the Italian tarantella is one of the most famous in the play. Her husband observes, "But Nora darling, you dance as if your life were at stake" (Ibsen, A Doll's House, p. 92). He tells her to slow down, but she cannot-she is caught up in the sensual, ecstatic dance. Full of movement, the tarentella involves raising one's arms, running, hopping, whirling, and swinging from side to side.

Though we only see Nora dance alone, the tarantella is a social dance meant for two couples, or even for a long row of men and women. Traditionally the male partner uses two pairs of castanets, while the woman holds a tambourine in her right hand and beats on it with the lower part of her left palm. These instruments are used to keep time and to add to the excitement as the pace of the dance quickens, especially at its conclusion.

The dance itself has a curious history. In sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Italy, the bite of the Apulian spider, also known as the Lycosa tarentula or common tarantula, was popularly but mistakenly thought to cause a nervous disease. This sickness, called tarantism, was allegedly marked by hysteria and a mania for dancing. The wild motions of the tarantella dance, which was named after the disease, were thought to be caused by the spider bite.



Source: 
http://www.answers.com/topic/a-doll-s-house-events-in-history-at-the-time-of-the-play

Norway 1879

Borrowing money without her husband's consent
In 1879, a wife was not legally permitted to borrow money without her husband's consent, so Nora must resort to deception to borrow the money she so desperately needs. Ibsen always denied that he believed in women's rights, stating instead that he believed in human rights.


Events in History at the Time of the Play

Norway in the nineteenth century. Norway was troubled by its share of foreign policy crises and domestic concerns throughout the 1800s. The century had started well enough. Norway was one of the few European states in which the French Revolution of 1789 did not inspire the masses to demand new liberties. While other countries experienced tumultuous times, Norway busily reaped the benefits of supplying exports and shipping services to any country involved in the wars taking place elsewhere. In the summer of 1807, after the British towed home nearly every ship in the Norwegian fleet (which was supplying Britain's enemies), Norway was forced to rethink its foreign policy. The country reluctantly allied itself with Britain's enemy, the French leader Napoleon.

The Norwegian economy, which relied so heavily on the seaports, suffered terribly when the British put a naval blockade in place. A combination of factors eventually dissolved the fifty-three-year union between Norway and Denmark; in 1814 Denmark ceded Norway to the Swedish king. Norway was thus united with Sweden in 1880, approximately the time in which the play is set; the union would continue until 1905.

The period of union witnessed the emigration of hundreds of thousands of Norwegians, especially to the United States. As a result of its rugged geography and the trend toward emigration, Norway remained sparsely settled and predominantly rural. In 1850 only 163,000 of Norway's 1,400,000 people lived in urban areas. The population distribution created a small-town mentality that Ibsen loathed and examined repeatedly in his writings.


Source: 
http://www.answers.com/topic/a-doll-s-house-events-in-history-at-the-time-of-the-play

Sunday, April 29, 2012

ΕΞΟΔΟΣ ΚΙΝΔΥΝΟΥ/ 33: May the bridges I burn light the way



ΕΞΟΔΟΣ ΚΙΝΔΥΝΟΥ/ 33: ΕΣΥ ΘΑ ΜΕΙΝΕΙΣ Η' ΘΑ ΦΥΓΕΙΣ?


ΝΟRΑ - Τhe struggle for authentic identity


Michael Meyers said of Henrik Ibsen's plays:
"The common denominator
in many of Ibsen's dramas
is his interest in
individuals struggling for authentic identity
in the face of tyrannical social conventions.
This conflict often results in
his characters' being divided
between a sense of duty to themselves
and their responsibility to others."
(1563)



All of the aspects of this quote can be applied to the play A Doll House, in Nora Helmer's character, who throughout much of the play is oppressed, presents an inauthentic identity to the audience and throughout the play attempts to discovery her authentic identity.


A Doll's House by Henrik Ibsen, is a play that was written ahead of its time. In this play Ibsen tackles women's rights as a matter of importance. Throughout this time period it was neglected. A Doll's House was written during the movement of Naturalism, which commonly reflected society. Ibsen acknowledges the fact that in 19th century life the role of the woman was to stay at home, raise the children and attend to her husband. Nora Helmer is the character in A Doll House who plays the 19th woman and is portrayed as a victim.

The inferior role of Nora is extremely important to her character. Nora is oppressed by a variety of "tyrannical social conventions." Ibsen in his "A Doll's House" depicts the role of women as subordinate in order to emphasize their role in society. Nora is oppressed by the manipulation from Torvald.
Torvald has a very typical relationship with society. He is a smug bank manager. With his job arrive many responsibilities. He often treats his wife as if she is one of these responsibilities. Torvald is very authoritative and puts his appearance, both social and physical, ahead of his wife that he supposedly loves. Torvald is a man that is worried about his reputation, and cares little about his wife's feelings.


ΑΝΤΙΔΡΑΣΕΙΣ ΓΙΑ ΤΗ ΝΟΡΑ


Η αντίδραση που προκάλεσε το Ένα κουκλόσπιτο στην πουριτανική κοινωνία της εποχής εκείνης ήταν αφάνταστη.  Ο Ίψεν κατηγορήθηκε τώρα επειδή αμφισβητούσε το  ηθικό και    νομικό κύρος της ιερότερης κοινωνικής καθιέρωσης:  του γάμου

Ακόμα και στη Γαλλία η αντίδραση δεν ήταν μικρότερη. Ο Μπερναρντίνι αναφέρει πως μια ηθοποιός θέλησε να παίξει τον ρόλο της Νόρα μονάχα με τον όρο ν’  αλλάξει ο συγγραφέας την τελευταία σκηνή του έργου του !  Η πράξη της Νόρα να εγκαταλείψει άντρα και παιδιά χωρίς  «λόγο»  ήταν τόσο ακατονόμαστη που η αγαθή ηθοποιός φοβήθηκε πως η δυσαρέσκεια του κοινού για την ηρωίδα θα είχε αντίκτυπο στην καλλιτεχνική της αξία και καταβολή. Κανείς δεν έβλεπε τον λόγο της πράξης της σαν αποχρώντα. Ένα κοινό σαν το γαλλικό που έβλεπε συχνά πάνω στο θέατρο γυναίκες και   μητέρες να εγκαταλείπουν τον άντρα τους και  τα παιδιά  τους για το χατίρι του εραστή τους, δε μπορούσε την εποχή εκείνη να δικαιολογήσει τη Νόρα που έκανε ό,τι έκανε από  μιαν ανώτερη συναίσθηση της ηθικής ευθύνης και  της αποστολής της ως γυναίκας και ως μητέρας. 

Κι όμως η πολεμική που έγινε στον συγγραφέα κι ο ανελέητος κατατρεγμός της ηρωίδας του είχαν ένα σημαντικό αποτέλεσμα καθώς έδωσε λαβή σε μια προσεχτικότερη και γονιμότερη συζήτηση για τον γάμο και τη θέση γενικά της γυναίκας μέσα στην κοινωνία,  συζήτηση που έθεσε τελικά τη Νορβηγία και τις Σκανδιναβικές χώρες επικεφαλής της αναμορφωτικής πρωτοπορίας της Ευρώπης

------------

Η κοινωνία του τέλους του 19ου αιώνα δεν κατάλαβε πως το ξεπόρτισμα της Νόρας, στο τέλος του έργου, δεν είναι λιποταξία ή ελαφρομυαλιά, μήτε ανήθικη ανταρσία. Είναι αιματηρή συνέπεια σ΄ ένα ιδανικό απαιτητικό. Αλλά ο χαρακτηρισμός της επιφάνειας είναι πάντα ευκολότερος από την ανάλυση σε βάθος. Ο Ίψεν χαρακτηρίστηκε «επαναστατημένος ατομιστής» στην περίπτωση του Σπιτιού της κούκλας επειδή αξίωνε περισσότερη ειλικρίνεια, περισσότερο σεβασμό για τους θεσμούς από εκείνους που δείχνονταν οι εξ επαγγέλματος υπέρμαχοί τους. 

ΝΟΡΑ - ΤΑΥΤΟΤΗΤΑ ΚΑΙ ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΑ


"Modern day individuals are haunted by these same issues of identity, freedom and duties toward family. They still have to juggle different roles, put others interests before self and even play a doll to save the sacred institution of marriage. More and more marriages are breaking up and individuals questioning marriage are opting to live together or lead a single life. The individual is alienated even in a happy marriage. The trappings of a doll’s house are a reality even today."




Henrik Ibsen’s famous play A Doll’s House was written way back in 1879. But it remains a timeless classic even today
It upholds a mirror to the double standards of the society and institution of marriage. Often branded as one of the earliest feminist plays, A Doll’s House, is more about hypocrisy and trappings of a marriage, family and death of individuality.
Nora, the protagonist of the play, was not merely disappointed by her husband but also by her father too. Her individuality got crushed by two egoistic men who imposed their wisdom, opinion on her and thus never really gave her freedom to assert her own individuality. Not being a person of strong personality Nora spent her entire life pleasing her father and then her husband. Unknowingly she became their adorable doll and was happy being one too just because it gave her pleasure to please two people who were very important to her.  Nora had many of her own weaknesses and she hid her strengths. She was happy in her golden cage, her home till she got disillusioned and questioned her own identity and her role in her husband’s life.
The play literally ripped apart the whole façade of marriage. The individualityindependence and freedom should be primarily preserved in any marriage. But in reality these are the first main casualties. Society too keeps imposing gender stereotypes over and over again thus turning individuals into lifeless dolls capable only of pleasing others. Maybe this stereotyping is important to keep the institution of marriage and family intact.
The birth of Nora’s individuality and she walking out of her home at the end of play is modern day reality. Nora’s realizes in the end that her primary duty is towards her own self, that she is first a human being, an individual before being a wife and a mother. Unless she is clear of her own identity, her place, she can do very little for others.
Modern day individuals are haunted by these same issues of identity, freedom and duties toward family. They still have to juggle different roles, put others interests before self and even play a doll to save the sacred institution of marriage. More and more marriages are breaking up and individuals questioning marriage are opting to live together or lead a single life. The individual is alienated even in a happy marriage. The trappings of a doll’s house are a reality even today.
Posted on May 8th, 2009 at 8:31 pm by 

http://thefiendish.com/2009/05/henrik-ibsen-individual-marriage-and-family/

Ο ΓΚΡΑΜΣΙ ΓΙΑ ΤΗ ΝΟΡΑ ΤΟΥ ΙΨΕΝ

La morale e il costume / Α. Gramsci, 1917
Ο Α. Gramsci εξηγεί γιατί το κοινό στην Ιταλία το 1920 δυσκολεύτηκε να συνδεθεί με τη Νόρα και να καταλάβει (πολύ λιγότερο να αποδεχτει) την τελική της απόφαση αποδίδοντας αυτή τη στάση στη σύγκρουση τηςμε την ηθική της "μπουρζουαζίας" της εποχής...


Emma Gramatica, per la sua serata d’onore, ha fatto rivivere, dinanzi a un pubblico affollatissimo di cavalieri e di dame, Nora della Casa di bambola, di Enrico Ibsen. Il dramma evidentemente era nuovo per la maggioranza degli spettatori. E la maggioranza degli spettatori se ha applaudito con convinzione simpatica i primi due atti, è rimasta invece sbalordita e sorda al terzo, e non ha che debolmente applaudito: una sola chiamata, più per l’interprete insigne che per la creatura superiore che la fantasia di Ibsen ha messo al mondo.

Perché il pubblico è rimasto sordo, perché non ha sentito alcuna vibrazione simpatica dinanzi all’atto profondamente morale di Nora Helmar che abbandona la casa, il marito, i figli per cercare solitariamente se stessa, per scavare e rintracciare nella profondità del proprio io le radici robuste del proprio essere morale, per adempiere ai doveri che ognuno ha verso se stesso prima che verso gli altri?


Il dramma, perché sia veramente tale, e non inutile iridescenza di parole, deve avere un contenuto morale, deve essere la rappresentazione di un urto necessario tra due mondi interiori, tra due concezioni, tra due vite morali. In quanto l’urto è necessario il dramma ha immediata presa sugli animi degli spettatori, e questi lo rivivono in tutta la sua integrità, in tutte le motivazioni da quelle più elementari a quelle più squisitamente storiche. E rivivendo il mondo interiore del dramma, ne rivivono anche l’arte, la forma artistica che a quel mondo ha dato vita concreta, che quel mondo ha concretato in una rappresentazione viva e sicura di individualità umane che soffrono, gioiscono, lottano per superare continuamente se stesse, per migliorare continuamente la tempra morale della propria personalità storica, attuale, immersa nella vita del mondo.

Perché allora gli spettatori, i cavalieri e le dame che l’altra sera hanno visto svilupparsi, sicuro, necessario, umanamente necessario, il dramma spirituale di Nora Helmar, non hanno a un certo punto vibrato simpaticamente con la sua anima, ma sono rimasti sbalorditi e quasi disgustati della conclusione?

Sono immorali questi cavalieri e queste dame, o è immorale l’umanità di Enrico Ibsen?Né l’una cosa né l’altra. È avvenuta semplicemente una rivolta del nostro costume alla morale più spiritualmente umana.

È avvenuta semplicemente una rivolta del nostro costume (e voglio dire del costume che è la vita del pubblico italiano), che è abito morale tradizionale della nostra borghesia grossa e piccina, fatto in gran parte di schiavitù, di sottomissione all’ambiente, di ipocrita mascheratura dell’animale uomoa un altro - costume, a un’altra tradizione, superiore, più spirituale, meno animalesca. Un altro costume, per il quale la donna e l’uomo non sono più soltanto muscoli, nervi ed epidermide, ma sono essenzialmente spirito; per il quale la famiglia non è più solo istituto economico, ma è specialmente un mondo morale in atto, che si completa per l’intima fusione di due anime che ritrovano l’una nell’altra ciò che manca a ciascuna individualmente: per il quale la donna, non è più solamente la femmina che nutre di sé i piccoli nati e sente per essi un amore che è fatto di spasimi della carne e di tuffi di sangue, è una creatura umana a sé, che ha una coscienza a sé, che ha dei bisogni interiori suoi, che ha una personalità umana tutta sua e una dignità di essere indipendente. Il costume della borghesia latina grossa e piccola si rivolta, non comprende un mondo così fatto.

L’unica forma di liberazione femminile che è consentito comprendere al nostro costume, è quella della donna che diventacocotte. La pochade è davvero l’unica azione drammatica femminile che il nostro costume comprenda; il raggiungimento della libertà fisiologica e sessuale. Non si esce fuori dal circolo morto dei nervi, dei muscoli e dell’epidermide sensibile.


Si è fatto un grande scrivere in questi ultimi tempi sulla nuova anima che la guerra ha suscitato nella borghesia femminile italiana. Retorica. Si è esaltata l’abolizione dell’istituto dell’autorizzazione maritale come una prova del riconoscimento di questa nuova anima. Ma l’istituto riguarda la donna come persona di un contratto economico, non come umanità universale. È una riforma che riguarda la donna borghese come detentrice di una proprietà, e non muta i rapporti di sesso e non intacca neppure superficialmente il costume. Questo non è stato mutato, e non poteva esserlo, neppure dalla guerra. La donna dei nostri paesi, la donna che ha una storia, la donna della famiglia borghese, rimane come prima la schiava, senza profondità di vita morale, senza bisogni spirituali, sottomessa anche quando sembra ribelle, più schiava ancora quando ritrova l’unica libertà che le è consentita, la libertà della galanteria. Rimane la femmina che nutre di sé i piccoli nati, la bambola più cara quanto è più stupida, più diletta ed esaltata quanto più rinunzia a se stessa, ai doveri che dovrebbe avere verso se stessa, per dedicarsi agli altri, siano questi altri i suoi familiari, siano gli infermi i detriti d’umanità che la beneficenza raccoglie e soccorre maternamente. L’ipocrisia del sacrifizio benefico è un’altra delle apparenze di questa inferiorità interiore del nostro costume.




La morale e il costume
Casa di bambola di Ibsen al Carignano
Antonio Gramsci, 22 marzo 1917
Una recensione teatrale di Antonio Gramsci del dramma di Ibsen,
che dà il destro al pensatore per stendere alcune stimolanti riflessioni
sulla condizione femminile nella società italiana dell'età giolittiana.